Why China allows its citizens to sue the government

June 19th, 2009

I’ve long been interested in the kinds of administrative matters that our official media pretty much never cover — administrative law, low-level dispute resolution mechanisms, accountancy standards, that sort of thing. The reason is that I think that, most of the time, more of life and history are affected by these issues than by headline politics; or, to put it differently, headline politics, perhaps without knowing it, builds upon these matters, which frame how people in a society view each other and the world.

Which gets us to this talk@ given by Tom Ginsburg at UChicago, and given on May 6, 2008. Ginsburg asks the straightforward question “Why would a government as obsessed by control as China’s, and willing to look bad in the Western media, nevertheless allow and even encourage its citizens to sue the government?”

Ginsburg’s answer is simple in essence: it is a way of allowing unacceptable behavior by low-level officials to be discovered, stopped, and punished, before it leads to the sort of wide-spread discontent that could threaten the central government. Along the way, however, he has a variety of interesting things to say about various realities of China today, including the limitations on the power of the central government that force it to have to resort to using these sorts of indirect methods.

“Strict constructionism” and “Original intent”

June 19th, 2009

I’ve long had nothing but contempt for those who (claim to) believe in “original intent” when judging constitutional law, on a variety of grounds. Some are linguistic (the meanings of words change, what you claim or think or believe some words mean may not actually be what they meant 200 years ago). Some are historical (the world of now is not the world of 1789 and the path of the US history since then makes the US not the US of then). Some are simply common-sense (law and politics appropriate to a small, sparsely populated, isolated country are often not appropriate to a large, densely populated, urban, globally connected country).

In this lecture@ Geoffrey Stone, speaking at UChicago on April 14, 2009, gives yet another reason why the concept is nonsense, namely that the authors of the constitution frequently didn’t agree with each other on what their terms meant. Along the way he gives a variety on entertaining digressions on various aspects of history and judicial interpretation.

High exergy engines

June 19th, 2009

It’s incredibly frustrating the amount of technology that has been around for a hundred years or more, and yet which is still rather less efficient than it could be.

This talk@ by Chris Edwards of Stanford, given on October 3, 2008, discusses work being done at Stanford to try to improve standard internal combustion engines by figuring out where energy is lost to no purpose in the system, and seeing what can be done to mitigate these losses.

Artificial photosynthesis

June 19th, 2009

One aspect of artificial photosynthesis is the modification, via genetic engineering, of traditional photosynthesis, and this is interesting in its own right.

But an alternative meaning for the term is using light in devices that are like photovoltaic cells, but which use the light to perform a chemical task (eg split hydrogen from water) rather than generate electricity. The advantage of being able to do this is that you now have a device that can create stored energy in rather less space, and rather cheaper, than is required by batteries.

This page gives a brief text description of the technology, and this talk@ by Nathan Lewis of Stanford, given on October 2, 2008, discusses how the technology works, the current problems, and the hoped-for future.

We are primates, are we not?

June 1st, 2009

I just saw The Lion King on Broadway, and, naturally, the first thing I thought of was the concept of hereditary rule.
Although we can all point to exceptions, I believe it is correct to say that the rule, at least in societies more advanced than hunter-gatherers, is for rulers to attempt, generally successfully and with precious little push back from society to instill in politics a concept of hereditary succession of rule.

This is so natural that we take it for granted, and I assume plenty of biologists and biologist-wannabes will happily spin you a story of how this represents evolution in action. However, thinking about it a little more closely, does this in fact happen anywhere else in the animal kingdom, at least among relevant comparisons (sure basic biology dictates the new queen of a hive will be daughter of the previous queen, but that’s not especially interesting). In particular, what do we see among other primates? Is it common for a son (especially the first-born) of an alpha male to be the successor alpha male? And do mom and dad rig the deck to try to ensure this is so? I’ve never heard any discussion of this sort of behavior. And if it is in fact unknown there (along with my understanding that it is rare in hunter-gatherer societies) what does that say about how “natural” it is?


The second question I got to wondering re primates is the evolution of fairness. We’ve all heard plenty of times about how various monkey species care a lot about fairness (and rather less about h. Economicus’ theories about life); for example if two monkeys are given the same task repeatedly, but monkey A is rewarded with a grape, while monkey B gets only a slice of cucumber, then soon enough monkey B will throw a tantrum and rather get nothing than play a rigged game.

My question is how far back up the evolutionary tree, and how widely, is this sense spread. Do we see it in lemurs, tarsiers and suchlike? And do we see it in your more solitary primate types like gorillas and orangutans?

Herbert Gintis on Decision Making

May 11th, 2009

Herbert Gintis is somewhat infamous as a social science polymath, interested in all of social science from psychology to economics to anthropology, but frustrated at the insularity and (he wouldn’t say it, but I will), the stupidity and petty-mindedness of many of its practitioners.

His current project, summing up his life’s work as it were, is to do what he can to rectify this situation, unifying what is valuable from each branch into a whole that makes coherent sense. This talk, Five Principles for the Unification of the Behavioral Sciences@, shows you what he has been up to, and it is awe-inspiring. You will not listen to a more interesting lecture this year!

Unfortunately, for such a good speaker, Gintis doesn’t seem to have much of a presence on the web. His only other talk I could find is here@ where he is morality as something innate to humans, again in the context of how it is treated (or ignored) by different social sciences.

Christopher Greenwood on International Law

May 11th, 2009

International Law sounds like one of those goo-goo subjects that, yes, you should learn something about because it involves decent people trying to improve the world; but it also seems like one of those subjects that’s basically a waste of time — powerful nations will ignore it just like they’ve always done, and, honestly, what’s there to say that isn’t either obvious or intensely technical?

Enter Christopher Greenwood, speaking at the LSE on Feb 18, 2009, on Can International Law Change the World?@ His talk discusses the entire scope of international law (which is much wider than I recognized), along with plenty of examples where, in spite of the critics, it already works pretty well.

George Loewenstein on Light Paternalism

May 11th, 2009

If you haven’t been living in a cave for the past five years, you’re aware of the concept of Libertarian Paternalism, as championed by Cass Sunstein, as an attempt to retain the autonomy to make (possibly bad) choices so beloved by the libertarians, while simultaneously ensuring as good an outcome as possible for the 95% of the population for whom this is not a big deal.

This talk@ has Loewenstein discussing the concept, while also discussing how widely applicable it may be. (For those who are very familiar with Sunstein’s work, the first few minutes of the talk are basically a rehash of those ideas, but after that we encounter new material and new examples.)

Four new TED talks

April 29th, 2009

Here are four new talks from TED, all interesting in their own way.

Purely at the fun level, this talk@ discusses the computer modeling that went into creating the face of the aged Brad Pitt for the Benjamin Button movie. I find many computer graphics to be boring and tedious — either they focus on low-level technical minutiae, or they are nothing but sequences of gee whiz, ain’t that cool. This talk, however, is genuinely interesting in showing all aspects of the process in a way that is easily appreciated.

Next we have Mike Rowe@. I should explain that I chose this for personal reasons, and so you might not be as interested in seeing it as I was.
One of my betes noires is people who manual labor, or, heck, pretty much any job that is not their job, people who make fun of auto mechanics or miners or chefs say. This attitude smacks to me of not just snobbery but stupidity and ignorance, coupled with the certainty that the speaker knows best — the exact same attitudes that made George W Bush the president he was. The world is so complex, in so many ways, that it seems ridiculous to simply assume that whatever an auto mechanic is doing, heck, I could do the same thing, and do it better, if you gave me a week of training.
Anyway this talk by Rowe discusses some of the subtle difficulties behind some jobs, and berates America, in words more eloquent than mine, for its attitude, across all society, to non-professional jobs.

In the “OMG!!!!” category, we have Pattie Maes@ from MIT demoing work by Pranav Mistry on what they call sixth sense and what others might term something like personal ubiquitous computing. What they have done is to hook up a camera (tracking the motions of the fingers), a cell phone (for data comm), and a small lightweight projection system (for projecting a display onto any available surface, including walls, tables, and even, if nothing better is available, one’s hand) to some software that, based on what one does with one’s fingers, reads or writes information to or from the internet. Sure it’s currently clunky, and I suspect that in real life it suffers from a variety of problems that we did not see in the demo (slow comm speeds, misrecognized gestures, short battery life etc), even so it is amazingly slick and cool, and very much gives one a “the future is already here, it’s just not yet evenly distributed” feeling. You look at this and you think the rest is probably already on between Win CE, Android, and iPhone as to which of them will be first with this in a commercial product.

Last, and in many ways most interesting, is this@ talk by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita talking about using game theory to predict the future of Iran.
So why is this so interesting? IMHO, it’s because it’s like being present at the birth of a disaster, seeing the first few errors that will lead, many many miles later, to the track going off the rails and killing everyone on board.

Over the course of the second half of the twentieth century, we’ve had this strange metamorphosis of economics, from a set of ideas and heuristics regarding how people generally behave, to an unfalsifiable discipline claiming, ala Gary Becker to have the key to all human behavior. de Mesquita seems to have visions of sending political science does exactly this same insane path.

The economist supporters will no doubt protest at what I’ve said. They will argue that people like Becker do not represent the mainstream (so why did he win a freaking Nobel Prize?). They will argue that economics as an academic discipline is fine, the problem is when rich-and-powerful non-academics exploit whatever ideas in it they currently find helpful to an agenda they are trying to push. They will say that economics only provides rigorous mathematical probabilities; it is the fault of the real world that people for the most part don’t really understand what probabilities mean.

All these statements are true in a way, yet none of them change the essential facts of the last thirty years or so; and more to the point, none of them change how this will play out with respect to political science. If people like de Mesquita are willing to talk in terms of how science and computer models can “rigorously” predict the future, it won’t be long before every politician in America is claiming that “science” proves that the only solution to some problem is the solution proposed by that politician.

Carbon sequestration

April 29th, 2009

There’s plenty of dislike for sequestration based on what are essentially mis-channeled religious impulses. One direction of thought is that using fossil fuels is basically sinning, and sequestration is further sinning; another is that the apocalypse of global warming, the holocaust (in its original greek religious sense) of our civilization, is a cleansing to be welcomed, and who are we to act against god’s righteous wrath?

But the reality of the world we live in is that fossil fuel use is going to continue and to grow for the foreseeable future (and probably till the stuff is all gone), and so , like it or not, sequestration is part of the future. If this is so, the only real issue is to do the best we can to ensure that it’s actually based on real science, and does something useful, rather than it being a poorly organized boondoggle.

With all this in mind, Julio Friedmann’s talk given at PARC on April 12, 2007, on carbon sequestration@ is the best overview of the subject I’ve yet come across.